Harvard University

Harvard University is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States (see: first university in the United States), founded 16 years after the arrival of the Pilgrims at Plymouth. Harvard College, established in 1635 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, was named for its first benefactor, John Harvard of Charlestown, a young minister who, upon his death in 1638, left his library and half his estate to the new institution. The charter creating the corporation of Harvard College was signed by Massachusetts Governor Thomas Dudley in 1650. The College’s original purpose was to train Puritan ministers.

During its early years, the College offered a classic academic course based on the English university model but consistent with the prevailing Puritan philosophy of the first colonists in New England. The College was affiliated with the Congregationalist denomination. An early brochure, published in 1643, justified the College’s existence: “To advance Learning and perpetuate it to Posterity; dreading to leave an illiterate Ministry to the Churches.” Harvard’s early motto was “For Christ and the Church.” In a directive to its students, it laid out the purpose of all education: “Let every student be plainly instructed and consider well that the main end of his life and studies is to know God and Jesus, which is eternal life. And therefore to lay Christ at the bottom as the only foundation of all sound learning and knowledge.”

June 11, 1685 Increase Mather became the Acting President of Harvard University (then Harvard College), on July 23, 1686 he was appointed the Rector. On June 27, 1692 he became the President of Harvard, a position which he held until September 6, 1701.

Engraving of Harvard College by Paul Revere, 1767.

The 1708 election of John Leverett, the first president who was not also a clergyman, marked a turning of the College toward intellectual independence from Puritanism.

In the 17th century, Harvard University established the Indian College to educate Native Americans, but it was not a success and disappeared by 1693.

Eliza Susan Quincy’s drawing of the September 1836 procession of Harvard alumni leaving the First Parish Meeting House and walking to the Pavilion. Eliza Susan Quincy was the daughter of Josiah Quincy, President of Harvard University 1829-45.

Between 1830 and 1870 Harvard became “privatized”. While the Federalists controlled state government, Harvard had prospered, but the 1824 defeat of the federalist party in Massachusetts allowed the renascent Democratic-Republicans to block state funding of private universities. By 1870, the politicians and ministers that heretofore had made up the university’s board of overseers had been replaced by Harvard alumni drawn from Boston’s upper-class business and professional community and funded by private endowment.

During this period, Harvard experienced unparalleled growth that securely placed it financially in a league of its own among American colleges. Ronald Story notes that in 1850, Harvard’s total assets were “five times that of Amherst and Williams combined, and three times that of Yale…. By 1850, it was a genuine university, ‘unequalled in facilities,’ as a budding scholar put it, by any other institution in America — the ‘greatest university,’ said another, ‘in all creation’”. Story also notes that “all the evidence… points to the four decades from 1815 to 1855 as the era when parents, in Henry Adams’s words, began ’sending their children to Harvard College for the sake of its social advantages’”.Harvard was also an early leader in admitting ethnic and religious minorities. Stephen Steinberg, author of The Ethnic Myth, noted that “a climate of intolerance prevailed in many Eastern colleges long before discriminatory quotas were contemplated” and noted that “Jews tended to avoid such campuses as Yale and Princeton, which had reputations for bigotry…. [while] under President Eliot’s administration, Harvard earned a reputation as the most liberal and democratic of the Big Three, and therefore Jews did not feel that the avenue to a prestigious college was altogether closed”. In 1870, one year into Eliot’s term, Richard Theodore Greener became the first African-American to graduate from Harvard College. Seven years later, Louis Brandeis, the first Jewish justice on the Supreme Court, graduated from Harvard Law School.

Five Harvard University Presidents sitting in order of when they served. L-R: Josiah Quincy III, Edward Everett, Jared Sparks, James Walker and Cornelius Conway Felton.

Nevertheless, Harvard became the bastion of a distinctly Protestant elite — the so-called Boston Brahmin class — and continued to be so well into the 20th century. The social milieu of 1880s Harvard is depicted in Owen Wister’s Philosophy 4, which contrasts the character and demeanor of two undergraduates who “had colonial names (Rogers, I think, and Schuyler)” with that of their tutor, one Oscar Maironi, whose “parents had come over in the steerage.”

Though Harvard ended required chapel in the mid-1880s, the school remained culturally Protestant, and fears of dilution grew as enrollment of immigrants, Catholics and Jews surged at the turn of the twentieth century. By 1908, Catholics made up nine percent of the freshman class, and between 1906 and 1922, Jewish enrollment at Harvard increased from six to twenty percent. In June 1922, under President Lowell, Harvard announced a Jewish quota. Other universities had done this surreptitiously. Lowell did it in a forthright way, and positioned it as means of combating anti-Semitism, writing that “anti-Semitic feeling among the students is increasing, and it grows in proportion to the increase in the number of Jews…. when… the number of Jews was small, the race antagonism was small also.” The social milieu of 1940s Harvard is presented in Myron Kaufman’s 1957 novel, Remember Me to God, which follows the life of a Jewish undergraduate as he attempts to navigate the shoals of casual anti-Semitism, be recognized as a “gentleman,” and be accepted into “The Pudding.” Indeed, Harvard’s discriminatory policies, both tacit and explicit, were partly responsible for the founding of Boston College in 1863 and Brandeis University in nearby Waltham in 1948.

Policies of exclusion were not limited to religious minorities. In 1920, “Harvard University maliciously persecuted and harassed” those it believed to be gay via a “Secret Court” led by Harvard President A. Lawrence Lowell. Summoned at the behest of a wealthy alumnus, the inquisitions and expulsions carried out by this tribunal, in conjunction with the “vindictive tenacity of the university in ensuring that the stigmatization of the expelled students would persist throughout their productive lives” led to two suicides. Harvard President Lawrence Summers characterized the 1920 episode as “part of a past that we have rightly left behind”, and “abhorrent and an affront to the values of our university”. Yet as late as the 1950s, Wilbur Bender, then the dean of admissions for Harvard College, was seeking better ways to “detect homosexual tendencies and serious psychiatric problems” in prospective students.

During the twentieth century, Harvard’s international reputation grew as a burgeoning endowment and prominent professors expanded the university’s scope. Explosive growth in the student population continued with the addition of new graduate schools and the expansion of the undergraduate program. Radcliffe College, established in 1879 as sister school of Harvard College, became one of the most prominent schools for women in the United States.

In the decades immediately after the Second World War, Harvard reformed its admissions policies as it sought students from a more diverse applicant pool. Whereas Harvard undergraduates had almost exclusively been white, upper-class alumni of select New England “feeder schools” such as Exeter and Andover, increasing numbers of international, minority, and working-class students had, by the late 1960s, altered the ethnic and socio-economic makeup of the college. Nonetheless, Harvard’s undergraduate population remained predominantly male, with about four men attending Harvard College for every woman studying at Radcliffe. Following the merger of Harvard and Radcliffe admissions in 1977, the proportion of female undergraduates steadily increased, mirroring a trend throughout higher education in the United States. Harvard’s graduate schools, which had accepted females and other groups in greater numbers even before the college, also became more diverse in the post-war period.